Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, almost everything that was known of ancient Assyria and Babylonia derived from textual descriptions in non-Mesopotamian sources, principally the Bible and ancient Greek histories and geographies. Arabic, Persian, and European historical traditions on ancient Mesopotamia all relied on these texts. From the eighteenth century on, however, the growth of European antiquarianism—studies of ancient objects and monuments as opposed to texts, that had begun with the still visible monuments of ancient Rome but spread quickly to northern Europe—led to a new interest in describing the physical remains of ancient cities in the Middle East. At the same time, expanding British and French political interests in the region led to a greater European presence in parts of the Ottoman empire. Some diplomats happened to have strong interests in the ancient world while others were appointed because of them, and regarded antiquarian study as part of their role as European agents in the region.
In Mesopotamia, modern Iraq, the ruins of ancient cities were often visible as high tells (artificial mounds) in the landscape. Their ancient names sometimes survived and tr
| Paul-Henri Spaak | |
Prime Minister of Belgium | |
| In office May 15 – February 22 | |
| Preceded by | Paul-Émile Janson |
|---|---|
| Succeeded by | Hubert Pierlot |
| In office March 13 – March 31 | |
| Preceded by | Achille van Acker |
| Succeeded by | Achille van Acker |
| In office March 20 – 11 August | |
| Preceded by | Camille Huysmans |
| Succeeded by | Gaston Eyskens |
President of the United Nations General Assembly | |
| In office – | |
| Preceded by | post created |
| Succeeded by | Oswaldo Aranha |
President of the Common Assembly of the European Coal Steel Community | |
| In office – | |
| Preceded by | post created |
| Succeeded by | Alcide De Gasperi |
2nd Secretary General of NATO | |
| In office – | |
| Preceded by | Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay |
| Succeeded by | Dirk Stikker |
| Born | 25 January () Schaerbeek, Belgium |
| Died | 31 July (aged 73) Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium |
| Political party | Belgian Socialist Party |
| Spouse | Marguerite Malevez Simone Dear |
Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (January 25, - July 31, ) was a BelgianSocialist politician and statesman. He became a member of parliament in and a member of the cabinet i
Paul-Émile Botta
Paul-Émile Botta (6 December – 29 March ) was an Italian-born French scientist who served as Consul in Mosul (then in the Ottoman Empire, now in Iraq) from , and who discovered the ruins of the ancient Assyrian capital of Dur-Sharrukin. He was born Paolo Emiliano Botta in Turin, Italy, on December 6, His father was Italian historian Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta (–). In they moved to Paris where he studied under Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville. Botta was selected to be naturalist on a voyage around the world. Although he had no formal medical training, he also served as the ship surgeon. The Heros under Captain Auguste Bernard Duhaut-Cilly (–) left Le Havre April 8, , and sailed south through the Atlantic Ocean, stopping in Rio de Janeiro and around Cape Horn. They traveled up the coast stopping at Callao, Mexico, and Alta California. Jean Baptiste Rives (–), the former secretary of the Kingdom of Hawaii, had convinced investors from the family of Jacques Laffitte to finance the voyage to promote trade to California and Hawaii, but Rives disappeared along with some of the cargo. After visiting the Hawaiian Islands they reached China on December 27, In late
La découverte de Paul-Émile Botta
Paul-Émile Botta ()
Rien ne prédestinait Paul-Émile Botta à devenir un pionnier de l’archéologie assyrienne. Grand voyageur, il participa à une mission en Égypte en où il travailla comme naturaliste pour le Muséum d’Histoire naturelle. Il s’intéressa également aux langues et c’est en bon arabisant qu’il fut, en , nommé consul de France à Mossoul. Jules Mohl, secrétaire de la Société asiatique, l’encouragea dans son intérêt pour les anciennes civilisations mésopotamiennes.
À la recherche de Ninive
Déçu par ses premières recherches sur le tell de Kuyunjik, Paul-Émile Botta se reporta sur Khorsabad en – sans savoir qu’il abandonnait là le site de l’antique Ninive. Les pionniers de l’archéologie avaient pour guides principaux les auteurs classiques et la Bible, dans laquelle Ninive est une des rares villes de Mésopotamie dont le souvenir ait été conservé. C’est pourquoi, dans un premier temps, tous étaient à la recherche de cette ville et l’identifièrent par erreur à Khorsabad ou encore Nimrud.
Les premières fouilles
À Khorsabad, Paul-Émile Botta fut assisté par le peintre Eugène Flandin qui fit des relevés des reliefs et monuments trouvés. Pa
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